Pakistan’s Iran Dilemma Between Cheap Energy And Sanctions
Pakistan’s economic relationship with Iran has long been suspended between obvious geography and persistent fear. Geography says the logic of engagement is straightforward. Iran is next door, energy-rich, undertraded, and connected to Pakistan by a border that should, in theory, make electricity, fuel,
Data Sovereignty and Cyber Resilience in Emerging Power Structures
The architecture of global power is undergoing a quiet but irreversible transition, in which territorial depth and conventional military capacity are being progressively supplemented by intangible but decisive capabilities rooted in data sovereignty, cyber resilience, semiconductor access, and indigenous technological ecosystems. Across South
Strategic Autonomy in Multipolar Middle East Order
BY SHAFQAT ALI QURESHI The contemporary invocation of strategic autonomy within the evolving geopolitical architecture of the Middle East reflects less a coherent doctrine and more an aspirational response to an increasingly fragmented international system in which sovereignty is simultaneously asserted and structurally
Middle Powers Seek Space in a Broken Order
The international system has entered one of those untidy historical moments when old labels survive longer than old realities. Many institutions built in the aftermath of the Second World War still function, but with diminishing authority. The vocabulary of alliances, blocs, deterrence, and